EXPERIENCES OF NURSES WORKING IN PALLIATIVE CARE Dissertation

Encounters OF NURSES WORKING IN PALLIATIVE CARE - Dissertation Example (Harris, Flowers, Noble, 2011) In a subjective report by (Brajtman, Higuchi, McPherson, 2006) they investigated the issue identified with the difficulties the attendants face in palliative consideration, to investigate their encounters in thinking about patients with terminal wooziness and their families. This subjective exploration will underscore the significance of subjective meetings as most remarkable strategy for understanding the encounters and implications identified with the point. This examination was directed in a palliative consideration unit situated in an enormous Canadian city medical clinic for 5 attendants working in an interdisciplinary palliative consideration unit and 4 attendants structure palliative home consideration nursing group situated in a similar city. Not many inquiries questions have been created for the medical attendants to continue with the subjective investigation. In view of the inquiries results which has been found resemble a large portion of the members said that they experience trouble while thinking about palliative consideration patients. They said that on the off chance that they assemble advantageous aptitudes and information in the distinguishing proof and determination they can assist with supporting the patient in better manner and family during upset conditions. Understanding the interesting nursing experience is a lot of significant during the time spent giving the attendants expected help to make them solid and help them to give care in testing circumstances. Medical attendants additionally recognized their colleagues as most significant wellspring of help. They likewise referenced that successful cooperation would assist them with dealing with palliative consideration patients and their families all the more productively. There is requirement for appropriate instruction and preparing for the medical caretakers to confront difficulties with palliative consideration patients. Absence of training may involvement w ith genuine worry for these medical attendants in care of the perishing individuals and their families. Check that medical attendants ought to get suitable information, aptitudes and backing to think about this patient (Brajtman, Higuchi, McPherson, 2006, pp.6-7). Accordingly from this investigation we can comprehend that legitimate open doors ought to be given to the medical attendants with the goal that they can confront difficulties unhesitatingly. The help of association, colleagues and family will improve the nature of care. The quantity of test picked here is little. An essential examination ought to contain least 20 examples to continue with an appropriate exploration. Be that as it may, here sum is extremely little which isn't generally excellent to lead an exploration. A bigger example would have been helpful to get more prominent profundity of information as there was no reasonable proof to defeat the difficulties. White, et al (2004) discovered comparable patterns in his investigation. He investigated with subjective expressive examination utilizing semi organized meetings with medical caretakers thinking about palliative consideration patients. Here 9 experienced palliative consideration attendants were met. The members here clarified about their experience and difficulties they face normally. The medical caretakers detailed that they have colossal effect on their work and individual lives. The medical caretakers here portray around two sorts of sufferings, physical and enthusiastic or mental. The vast majority of the medical attendants detailed here that they attempt their best to soothe a patients enduring and when they can't assist the patient with such condition they get a sentiment of defenselessness, trouble, dissatisfaction and a feeling of disappointment. A portion of the medical caretakers additionally referenced that they would not like to stay with those things and consequently attempted to return home with a new

10 Famous American Authors and Their Best Essays †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

10 Famous American Authors and Their Best Essays What rings a bell when you attempt to review well known American authors? The nation has presented a few novel sorts and intriguing points to the world, focusing on the significant job of insurgency throughout the entire existence of each country. We have built up the rundown of 10 well known American writers, including their popular expositions and exercises gained from their composition. GET YOUR PERFECT ESSAY NOW Composing isn't easy. On the off chance that you experience difficulties with your school or school schoolwork, don't stop for a second to contact proficient scholastic journalists on the web! The most effective method to Create Powerful Essays: 10 Famous American Writers List! Charles D’Ambrosio Charles D’ambrosio doesn't have some expertise in books or fiction/true to life books; he generally situated himself as a short story exposition author. It was his Portland State University's MFA Program in Creative Writing,â which helped one of the popular American authors build up his fundamental perusing composing abilities. Oberlin College was his second spot of training. D’Ambrosio never quits any pretense of contemplating English Language, Philosophy (find how a Philosophy degree might be useful), History, Literature, and other related compassionate controls. On the off chance that you need to become mainstream one day to see your expositions distributed in The New Yorker, Orphans, The Stranger, or A Public Space, watch the works composed by Charles D’Ambrosio to retain significant exercises. We would suggest beginning from â€Å"Documents† and â€Å"Loitering† articles. Exercises learned: Misfortune and hardships merit expounding on. At the point when you center around things that make individuals tragic (despise, foul play, sorrow, war, demise), the perusers would value your short story/article for focusing on the estimation of life. Point to the significance of past occasions in the life of each human. Try not to stop for a second to share your own notes, articles, and archives (in this unique circumstance, reports mean journals and other significant outtakes, which uncovers the idea of their proprietors. Do you need more insights? Ask these master journalists from the field of scholastic, imaginative, business writing to help by making a rousing abstract piece! Benjamin Franklin Consistently American President was an incredible craftsman. Much of the time, the delegates of the US government devote their extra time to sharing American qualities, customs, conventions through composing manuals. Franklin isn't a special case. One of the most celebrated American creators is a known authentic figure †a Co-Founding Father of the United States delineated on $100 banknote. His exercises spread a wide scope of various fields, including writing, distributing, legislative issues, science, innovations, city movement, discretion, and so forth. Benjamin Franklin has a place with the classification of the well known American essayists with vote based perspectives. He didn't discharge numerous books or books; Franklin has set up a great deal of short stories and expositions committed to the free, autonomous land. Since 1776, the mind-sets of the American creators changed to progressively hopeful and certain. The primary reason for Franklin in his papers was to use financial advantages and escape harsh administrative systems. Do you need the most recognized works of Franklin? They contain â€Å"Advice on the Choice of a Mistress†, â€Å"The Art of Procuring Pleasant Dreams,† and â€Å"The Temple of Learning, The Whistle.† Exercises learned: Equitable reasonableness stays a famous thing to talk about. The American country is a remarkable ethnic gathering made of each nationality on the planet, every single imaginable custom conventions, and dependent on the balance, equity, and opportunity. The Constitution of the United States is an amazing weapon to talk about. The subject of the changing ages will never lose its significance. Cynthia Ozick After his demise, another agent of the most celebrated American scholars living today, David Foster Wallace, was excluded on the grounds that he ended it all and his most recent works were loaded with negative notes. He has recorded nearby creators who could proceed with his movement. Wallace referenced Cynthia Ozick among the most growing and promising contemporary scholars, fit for proceeding with his commitment to the writing scene. Alongside Cormac McCarthy Don DeLillo, the lady is the US best living fiction story creator. By today, Cynthia Ozick has distributed seven article assortments. She made a few works of short fiction and moving books. She doesn't have a specific field of intrigue. Ozick likes discussing love, abhor, life, demise, the American country, future, and different things favored by the advanced celebrated American essayists, however she covers various points, without restricting her inclinations. There is one subject we can as often as possible notification in her accounts. Ozick cherishes the possibility of the Jewish American focal point. The best articles ever incorporate her â€Å"Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body,† â€Å"The Shawl,† and Envy† on the rundown, and understudies can become familiar with the accompanying exercises: The inclination to support the Jewish American focal point as opposed to assaulting it. Making a short story with the following qualities: reluctance, sharpness, cleverness, lucidity, and life astuteness. Don’t be reluctant to appear to be more intelligent than individuals around! On the off chance that you need more instances of incredible papers to consider, the best spot to visit is the web based composing administration, which offers FREE paper tests. Roger Ebert Another intriguing man from the rundown of the popular American creators. Roger Ebert has a capacity to censure other composed works and motion pictures decently brought his reality acknowledgment. Ebert concentrated on film coordinating, cinematography, history of the world and US specifically, news coverage, and screenwriting. He worked in Chicago Sun-Times until 2013. Roger Ebert turned into the main film pundit to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. On the off chance that you have an enthusiasm for composing contentious, convincing, or basic expositions/book surveys, you should discover and peruse the best basic works of Roger Ebert. Watch the mainstream TV show â€Å"Sneak Previews†. Roger Ebert is not quite the same as numerous contemporary American individual journalists who center around the dim sides of our reality, frequently lauding the burdensome states of mind. Ebert lean towards mental fortitude, knowledge, funniness, and humanism. This energetic essayist is equipped for mirroring the matter of life passing in the most idealistic light. To comprehend the author better, read three basic article assortments. The names are â€Å"The Great Movies†Ã‚ (2002), â€Å"The Great Movies II†Ã‚ (2005), and â€Å"The Great Movies III†Ã‚ (2010); focus on his most famous work titled â€Å"Go Gentle into That Good Night.† Exercises learned: Never surrender; there is constantly an exit plan! Ebert’s works loaded with life hopefulness can be depicted in a realized expression said by John Keating in â€Å"Dead Poets Society:† â€Å"Carpe, carpe diem, hold onto the day young men, make your lives extraordinary.† It is imperative to compose increasingly basic articles to get fascinating to individuals. Watch more film to have a few moving plans to examine in your abstract works. Attempt to cover the endless subject of death from the alternate point of view. Praise constantly this life by highlighting its primary qualities! Zadie Smith Hello, what about including a female exposition essayist from the United Kingdom on our promising rundown of the contemporary short story novel writers? We accept the lady who shows up in the rundown of 20 most persuasive individuals in British culture has the right to show up on our rundown of renowned scholars, despite the fact that she isn't American. English culture had influenced the United States for quite a long time. Her essential accomplishment, which foreordained Smith’s further confidence as a writer, was the degree from the New York University’s Creative Writing Program. She turned into the educator of the University. In the United States, the novel composed by Zadie Smith, â€Å"White Teeth,† joined the Time magazine’s rundown of the 100 best English-language books made since 1923. Smith is a valiant creator. She may censure things like insolence of writing, treatment of craftsmanship in the cutting edge world, and scrutinize writers who don't satisfy their scholarly commitments. This unprecedented female writer favors composing books. Her most acclaimed exposition is â€Å"Fail Better,† loaded with the accompanying exercises: Never sum up things with the assistance of â€Å"all† or comparative words †restricted down, partake in the point to make up a particular subject. There is nothing of the sort as an ideal novel. A composing style is the consequence of the novel character of every author + the manner in which this individual perspectives and comprehends the world. Stay away from clichã © †inhale another life into your composition! HELP WITH MY WRITING F. Scott Fitzgerald â€Å"And so with the daylight and the incredible eruptions of leaves developing on the trees, similarly as things develop in quick films, I had that recognizable conviction that life was starting over again with the summer.† F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† Who else yet The Great Gatsby, an old fashioned individual who attempted to show the world the significance of affection, life, and family esteems, and who was dismissed for being excessively humanistic? Fitzgerald realized how significant love is from his own understanding. â€Å"The Great Gatsby† showed up in the aftereffect of the emotions one of the most well known American journalists imparted to the adoration for his life, Zelda. Fitzgerald reprimanded the American individuals for thinking little of the excellence of this life. He attempted to review the critical qualities in his books, short stories papers. In Hollywood, Fitzgerald put forth a valiant effort. He created situations contents for the future movies. His famous â€Å"Gatsby† has been shot a few times, having the splendid present day rendition featuring L

Guest Post Started From the Dorm Room Now We Here

Guest Post Started From the Dorm Room Now We Here The following is a guest post by Sam U. 16 When I applied to MIT, I wanted to be the first man on Marsor even one of the nerdy guys in the control room screaming with joy. I had just finished up an internship at a large defense company and was ready to learn anything and everything about aerospace. However, as a bright-eyed freshman in an environment brimming with opportunity, I ended up trying more than just aerospace. From the start, I knew that MIT had a strong culture of computer science’Course 6’. So much so, that about a third of my class ended up graduating with a CS degree. It was hard to go a day at the Institute without discussing something related to software or tech startups. Entrepreneurship permeated the culture. Student collaboration and hard, motivating problems were prevalent, which together cultivated creativity and rapid execution that could be found in almost every corner of the institution. Although I decided to stick with aerospace after testing a range of majors, I found myself taking Course 6 classes like User Interface Design and Intro to Algorithms. Still, I never thought that I would want to do a startup. My path to entrepreneurship resulted from an entirely different set of decisions. I participated in several hackathons at MIT. It really started off as a fun, competitive way to build tools that people would want. From HackMIT to the MIT Bitcoin Competition, the Institute provided many opportunities to get hands on rather than just brainstorm ideas. Fireflies, the result of one of the hackathons, became a long term project that ended up taking up all of my spare time. Even after the hackathon was over, I found myself spending countless hours improving the app and actually running around campus to learn from users. We had created a peer-to-peer delivery service that employed a matching algorithm, but what it actually ended up being was me bringing my friends food on demand. I remember countless nights working on Aero/Astro problem sets in the student center while waiting for the next order of Beantown Taqueria. Though I was making something like $3/hour and my classes were taking up more and more time, I felt incredibly motivated to solve the problems in a smarter way. Seeking advice, we came across the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship. Besides providing a massive amount of mentorship, resources and guidance, they challenged us to really understand the problem that we were solving. We ultimately realized that the hardest part was actually getting people to use our app, no matter how well it was designed. So we decided to build an AI that would simply notify you on Facebook when a friend could do you a favor. This immediately got traction, and shortly after we fully pivoted away from food delivery. Without the support of the MIT community, both from resources and culture, I would not be working on my startup today. Sam Udotong and Krish Ramineni, co-founders of Fireflies.ai Post Tagged #Bitcoin #Course 6 - Electrical Engineering Computer Science #HackMIT

Montessori Creative Imagination - 1275 Words

Montessori believed that the imagination be encouraged through real experiences and not fantasy. She felt very strong that this powerful force was not wasted on fantasy. It was important to allow a child to develop their imagination from real information and real experiences. Montessori believed that young children were attracted to reality; they learn to enjoy it and use their own imaginations to create new situations in their own lives. They were just excited about hearing a simple story of a man going to the shop and buying bread, then they would be of hearing a made up story. She felt that once the child was fed with plenty of real life experiences the child can then develop their own imagination from reality. â€Å"The young child†¦show more content†¦For the younger children, the imagination creates mental pictures of a world they cannot see. It is quite remarkable how Montessori recognised the power of the imagination in the learning process, something which to this today is still not totally utilised in traditional teaching. â€Å"Is the child’s mental horizon limited to what he sees? No. He has a type of mind that goes beyond the concrete. He has the great power of imagination.† Chapter 17, Pg. 160 The Absorbent Mind by Maria Montessori Children with a lively imagination can be categorized as being good at â€Å"creative subjects†, such as music, drama, art etc.. and would struggle at times in the more â€Å"logical subjects†, such as maths, geometry and so on. However Montessori felt that used correctly the imagination had had the power to bring human kinds to great levels and for both creative and logical subjects – it was just as powerful when painting a picture as well as working out a mathematical sum. â€Å"The secret of good teaching is to regard the child’s intelligence as a fertile field in which seeds may be sown, to grow under the heat of flaming imagination. Our aim therefore, is not merely to make the child understand, and still less to force him to memorize, but so touch his imagination s to inflame his enthusiasm to the inmost core. It is along the path of the higher realities, which can be grasped by the imagination that the child at this age is to be led.† Chapter 21, Pg. 367 Maria Montessori –Show MoreRelatedDr Montessori Emphasises the Importance of the Development of Imagination. 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Data Analysis and Results Using Cronbachs Alpha - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1667 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category IT Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4.1 Introduction Chapter 4 will discuss the findings of the research that obtained from the questionnaire. SPSS Version 22 will be used to analyse the data and summarise all of the results that collected from respondents. The function of data analysis is to facilitate in testing hypotheses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Data Analysis and Results Using Cronbachs Alpha" essay for you Create order There are 4 statistical tools will be carried out to analyse the results that are Cronbachs Alpha, Descriptive statistic, Person Correlation Coefficient and Simple Linear Regression. Firstly, reliability statistics will be analysed by using Cronbachs Alpha. Meanwhile, demographic information of respondents will be described by descriptive statistic. In addition, the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable will be analysed by using Pearson Correlation. Simple Linear Regression will be used to investigate the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. 4.2 Cronbach’s Alpha Table 1: Reliability Statistics in Section B, C, D and E for Pilot Test Section B Web Security Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .819 5 Section C Perceived Risk Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .826 5 Section D Perceived Usefulness Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .870 5 Section E Online Purchase Intention of Cinema Movie Ticket Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .853 5 Table 1 showed the reliability statistic of all variables in this research. There are 25 respondents from SEGi College Subang Jaya will be used in the Cronbachs Alpha in order to get the results of pilot test. As mentioned in chapter 3, the acceptable reliability value for Cronbachs Alpha is 0.7 and above. Meanwhile, there are total 5 items in each of the variable. The reliability value of Section B is 0.819, Section C is 0.826, Section D is 0.870 and Section E is 0.853. However, the reliability value of all variables is above 0.7. Thus, the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable is reliable for further research. 4.2 Demographic Information of Respondents Table 2: Gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 58 58.0 58.0 58.0 Female 42 42.0 42.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 According to Table 2, result showed the majority respondents of this research are male. However, male account 58% of the respondents. Meanwhile, the remaining 42% respondents are female.However, male is more willing to participate this survey. Table 3: Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Less than 18 years old 6 6.0 6.0 6.0 18 to 20 years old 40 40.0 40.0 46.0 21 to 23 years old 48 48.0 48.0 94.0 Above 23 years old 6 6.0 6.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 As shown in Table 3, the majority age of respondents are 21 to 23 years old. However, 21 to 23 years old of respondents occupy 48%. Moreover, the age between 18 to 20 years old of respondents account 40%. Other than that, the percentage of respondents those less than 18 years old and above 23 years old are same. Both of these respondents also account 6%. Table 4: Ethnic Group Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Malay 29 29.0 29.0 29.0 Chinese 53 53.0 53.0 82.0 Indian 14 14.0 14.0 96.0 Others 4 4.0 4.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 Table 4 showed 53% of ethnic group is Chinese in this research. Next, 29% of the respondents are Malay. In addition, Indian occupies 14% of the respondents in this research. Others ethnic group made up by small portion that is 4%. Table 5: Highest Education Level Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Certificate 5 5.0 5.0 5.0 Diploma 34 34.0 34.0 39.0 Degree 56 56.0 56.0 95.0 Master 3 3.0 3.0 98.0 PhD 2 2.0 2.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 As refer to Table 5, the majority highest education level of respondents is Degree level and account 56%. On the other hand, Diploma level occupies 34%. Followed by is certificate that occupies 5%. 3% of respondents are Master level. Meanwhile, the PhD level of respondents occupy 2%. Table 6: Your monthly income Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Below RM1000 82 82.0 82.0 82.0 RM1001 to RM2000 12 12.0 12.0 94.0 RM2001 to RM3000 4 4.0 4.0 98.0 Above RM3000 2 2.0 2.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 According to table 6, the majority respondents monthly income are below RM1000. However, these respondents account 84% of the total respondents.12% of the total respondents income level are RM1001 to RM 2000. On the other hand, there are 4% of the total respondents income level are RM2001 to RM3000.Only 2% of respondents income level are above RM3000. 4.3 Pearson Correlation Coefficient Table 7: Correlation between Web Security and Customer Online Purchase Intention of Cinema Movie Ticket Total_IV1 Total_DV Total_IV1 Pearson Correlation 1 .680** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 100 100 Total_DV Pearson Correlation .680** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 100 100 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis is always used to measure the strength of the linear relationship between independent and dependent variable. Based on the rules of Pearson correlation coefficient, the larger coefficient identified the stronger relationship between independent and dependent variable.Table 7 showed the correlation of web security is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed) with customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. The correlation coefficient of web security is 0.680. Thus, web security has a positive significant relationship with customeronline purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. In addition, Hypotheses 1 (H1) is supported as result indicates there is a positive relationship between web security and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. Table 8: Correlation between Perceived Risk and Customer Online Purchase Intention of Cinema Movie Ticket Total_IV2 Total_DV Total_IV2 Pearson Correlation 1 .698** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 100 100 Total_DV Pearson Correlation .698** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 100 100 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). According to table 8, the correlation of perceived risk is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed) with customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. The correlation coefficient of perceived risk is 0.698. Therefore, perceived risk has a positive significant relationship with customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. Compared with web security and perceived usefulness, perceived risk is the strongest significant with customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket.Furthermore, Hypotheses 2 (H2) is supported as result indicates there is a positive relationship between perceived risk and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. Table 9: Correlation between Perceived Usefulness and Customer Online Purchase Intention of Cinema Movie Ticket Total_IV3 Total_DV Total_IV3 Pearson Correlation 1 .642** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 100 100 Total_DV Pearson Correlation .642** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 100 100 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). As shown in Table 9, the correlation of perceived usefulness is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed) with customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. The correlation coefficient of perceived usefulness is 0.642. Hence, perceived risk has a positive significant relationship with customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. Compared with web security and perceived risk, perceived usefulness is the weakest significant with customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. Moreover, Hypotheses 3 (H3) is supported as result indicates there is a positive relationship between perceived usefulness and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. 4.4 Simple Linear Regression Table 10: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .680a .462 .456 2.44884 a. Predictors: (Constant), Total_IV1 Table 11: Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.328 1.118 1.188 .238 Total_IV1 .829 .090 .680 9.171 .000 a. Dependent Variable: Total_DV R Square is to measure the percentage of variance in customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket (Dependent Variable) can be explained by the predictor (Independent Variable). Standard Coefficient is to determine the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable is positive or negative. P-Value is to identify the significant of the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. According to Table 10 and Table 11, the result of hypotheses testing is based on simple linear regression analysis. Web security is labeled as Total_IV1 and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket is labeled as Total_DV. According to Table 10, the R Square value is 0.462. This mean that 46.2% of the variation in customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket can be explained by web security. As shown in Table 11, there is a positive relationship between web security and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticke t when refer to Standard Coefficient (Beta=0.829). The P-Value is 0.00 that is less than 0.05. Therefore, the data is significant in statistically. Table 12: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .698a .487 .482 2.39112 a. Predictors: (Constant), Total_IV2 Table 13: Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 2.739 .922 2.969 .004 Total_IV2 .743 .077 .698 9.644 .000 a. Dependent Variable: Total_DV R Square is to measure the percentage of variance in customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket (Dependent Variable) can be explained by the predictor (Independent Variable). Standard Coefficient is to determine the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable is positive or negative. P-Value is to identify the significant of the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable.According to Table 12 and Table 13, the result of hypotheses testing is based on simple linear regression analysis. Perceived risk is labeled as Total_IV2 and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket is labeled as Total_DV. Table 12 showed the R Square value is 0.487. This mean that 48.7% of the variation in customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket can be explained by perceived risk. As stated in Table 13, there is a positive relationship between perceived risk and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket when refer to Standard Coefficient (Beta=0.743). The P-Value is 0.00 that is less than 0.05. Hence, the data is significant in statistically.Compared with web security and perceived usefulness, perceived risk is the most powerful factor that influencing customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket. Table 14: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .642a .412 .406 2.55970 a. Predictors: (Constant), Total_IV3 Table 15: Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 3.848 .938 4.100 .000 Total_IV3 .666 .080 .642 8.287 .000 a. Dependent Variable: Total_DV R Square is to measure the percentage of variance in customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket (Dependent Variable) can be explained by the predictor (Independent Variable). Standard Coefficient is to determine the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable is positive or negative. P-Value is to identify the significant of the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. As refer to Table 14 and Table 15, the result of hypotheses testing is based on simple linear regression analysis. Perceived usefulness is labeled as Total_IV3 and customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket is labeled as Total_DV. Based on Table 14, the R Square value is 0.412. This mean that 41.2% of the variation in customer online purchase intention of cinema movie ticket can be explained by perceived usefulness. Table 15 showed there is a positive relationship between perceived usefulness and customer online purchase intention of cinem a movie ticket when refer to Standard Coefficient (Beta=0.666). The P-Value is 0.00 that is less than 0.05. Thus, the data is significant in statistically.

A Library Paper on the Effects of Excessive Production of Nurses Free Essays

The Philippines, according to recent news, has currently a high  unemployment and underemployment rate of Filipino nurses. One of the reasons behind this is the overproduction of nurses by Philippine Nursing Schools Overproduction nurses in the country still persists from approximately 350 schools (personal communication,  Philippine Nurses Association, 2005). It was reported (Klein, 2003) that the country produces more than  9,000 nurses annually, 5,000-7,000 of whom become licensed. We will write a custom essay sample on A Library Paper on the Effects of Excessive Production of Nurses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Da Prat, 2005) Another cause is the decreasing demand for  Filipino nurses in the United States and other countries. About four years ago, Nursing became an in demand profession abroad for Filipinos after various countries allowed immigrants to work and to have other immigration opportunities. It was then that an overwhelming number of students became enthralled by this high salary and decided to get a degree in Nursing. Eventually,  entrepreneurs took advantage of this increased demand to establish nursing schools due to the growing number of students who want to earn a degree in nursing. Apparently, not all the nursing schools offer quality-nursing education. This, too, affected the chances of the students to be employed. Moreover, the passing rate of the PRC nursing board examinations has significantly declined  for the last ten years, despite the increasing numbers of nursing graduates. (Hernandez, 2008) The proponents of the research have identified two categories that influence the overproduction of nurses, the intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic factors include the interests of the students, and migration, whereas the peer pressure, and parental influence fall under extrinsic. The first intrinsic factor that influences the overproduction of nurses is the student’s interest. Personal interest is a feeling or emotion of a person that causes attention to focus on an object or an event or a process. (Encarta Dictionaries 2008) In this study, it denotes on the students’ way of selecting a particular degree when they will be in college that involves their primary attention and concentration. The college choice process has been defined as a funnel that progressively narrows the pool of students who consider attending higher education and finally resolves where they will attend (Litton, 1982; Hossler amp; Gallagher, 1987). Bateman and Spruill (1996) assert that the college choice process is ongoing, continuing throughout a student’s undergraduate career and beyond. Understanding why and where students initially choose to attend college is not only important in and of it, but may also be critical in understanding students’ continuing decisions about college attendance. Bateman and Spruill, 1996) Student’s aspirations of becoming a nurse have rooted from the following factors. First, they believe that nursing offers many job opportunities. Some of the career options that are available to nurses include home health care, volunteer opportunities, legal work, doctor’s office work, pediatric nursing, acute care nursing, surgical nursing, etc. , and th ey can even have additional training to become Nurse Practitioners, Nurse Midwives, and Nurse Anesthetists. Blanche, 2010) Second, it could offer them high salary and lots of benefits. According to Dr. Jaime-Galvez Tan of the University of the Philippines, wanting to earn and have a better life are the common reasons why registered nurses want to move to America, where the salary is $4,000 dollars a month compared to $180 to $220 per month in the Philippines. (Petrun, 2007) Lastly, Nursing is the field of interest and ambition of some students. Doctors may be the head of the operation in some cases but the nurses are the heart and soul. According to Professor Adelani Ogunrinade, the National University of Lesotho Vice-Chancellor, Nursing is a noble profession that requires dedication, compassion, love and care to patients. Another intrinsic element is migration. The developed countries have experienced chronic nursing shortages due to different factors, which include aging baby boomers and the lack of interest of its citizens to take up nursing. As a result, they recruit nurses from developing countries. Globalization and the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) further promote this phenomenon to the developed nation’s advantage. To entice professionals to their countries, they offer benefits that include higher salaries, better working conditions and more career opportunities. The low wages, poor working conditions, and poor economic and political situations further drive Filipinos away from their country. These have led to mass migration of nurses, which is a phenomenon unique to the Philippines. Furthermore, the reasons for the migration of the professionals are a combination of â€Å"push† and â€Å"pull† factors. Push factors relate to exporting countries like the Philippines, while pull factors are to importing countries. The main â€Å"push† factor that motivates workers to go abroad is low salaries and poor employment conditions in the source countries, whereas the higher salaries offered, the immigrants status incentive and more career development opportunities are the ones considered as â€Å"pull† factors. To a particular extent, there is a mirror image of push and pull factors which pertain to the relative payment of pay, career opportunities, working conditions and working environment of the source and destination countries (Buchan et al, 2003). However, there are also some extrinsic factors that may contribute to the overproduction of nurses. First of which is peer pressure. Peer pressure is defined as the influence of a social group, which is considered as a person’s equal in such as respect, age, education and social class. (Encarta Dictionaries 2008) In this study, it refers to the persons or significant others that can manipulate the decision-making of the nursing students. Moreover, parent’s influence is also categorized under extrinsic factors. It is defined as the parent’s chance or ability to choose for their children (Encarta Dictionaries 2008). In this study, it refers to the capacity of the parents that can control the respondent’s decision to what degree to take in college. One consistent finding in research suggests that adolescents’ own aspirations are influenced by their parents’ aspirations or expectations for them. When adolescents perceive their parents to have high educational expectations for them, adolescents are likely to have higher aspirations for themselves. A 1998 Sylvan Learning Center report indicates that parents’ and children’s views about career aspirations are more compatible than incompatible. Parents are influential figures with whom, whether intentionally or unintentionally, children become aware of and get exposed to occupations or career opportunities and implied expectations. (Taylor et al, 2004) Other studies have separately examined the influences of each parent on the career choices of their sons or daughters and have found that mothers tend to have more influence on the career decisions/aspirations of their children than fathers. For instance, Mickelson and Velasco (1998) cited their interviews conducted with 70 young adults in 1986. They found that mothers were the most influential and that daughters’ occupational aspirations were often similar to their mothers’ chosen professions (Mickelson and Velasco, 1998). In similar studies, students were asked items such as, â€Å"What do you want to do with your life? † and to indicate if they agree or disagree with statements such as â€Å"My mother (father) encouraged me to make my own decisions. † The students’ responses were similar to those of their parents. These studies also found that students wanted to discuss career planning primarily with their mothers. Overall, research supports the influence of parental expectations and aspirations on the career decisions and aspirations of their children. These expectations lay a foundation for parents’ behaviors and interactions with their children, which then indirectly or directly influence choices they make in the future (Taylor et al, 2004). Different problems have surfaced due to overproduction of nurses. The unemployment and underemployment of nurses in the Philippines are not only caused by the diminishing demands of foreign countries, but also caused by the overproduction of nurses by different nursing schools. The profession is confronted with serious problems, notably the lack of employment possibilities, positions lower than the applicants’ professional qualifications, inadequate wages and poor working conditions. These are real problems as evidenced by the Philippine Nursing Compensation Survey commissioned by the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) in the year 2009. Our economy is unable to absorb the large number of new entrants into the labor market each year. It is particularly difficult for young workers to find employment, and even more difficult for them to find well-paid, secure and safe jobs. Data from the PRC showed around 400,000 licensed nurses are not gainfully employed and an estimated 80,000 new nurses join their ranks each year. Furthermore, due to unavailability of hospital jobs, nurses, whether waiting for immigrant visa or not; whether newly registered or not, find other sources of income or jobs unrelated to nursing. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, in a report, showed only 10,000 nurses are able to work in foreign countries while others become underemployed or are working in jobs not related to their profession. In the year 2008, there were high rates of unemployment and underemployment in the Philippines due to overproduction and the declining demand for nurses in the United States. Nursing became an in-demand profession among Filipinos because of work opportunities and immigration overseas. With that, nursing schools in the Philippines increased in number. However, not all provide quality education for the students. The passing rate of PRC nursing licensure examination was decreased for the last 10 years. As a result, the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) reiterated the need of focusing in the quality of education instead of commercializing it. Table 1. 1 shows the results of Philippine Nursing Board Exam from year 1997 up to year 2008. According to the data, the number of passers is considered also as the number of registered nurses in the Philippines for the last 12 years. With this number of registered nurses in the country, unemployment and underemployment are progressing up to the present. Table 1. 1 Aside from the given data, Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and Board of Nursing (BON) made a review of the statistics from the year 1952 to 2008 the country has licensed 480,992 Filipino nurses out of 523,272 who actually passed the nursing licensure examination. Reflected in National Statistics Office and Labor Force Survey, the total number of Filipino nurses employed between October 2001 and 2007 were 58,000, which represented only 3. 86% of the total 1. 5 million employed professional workers. Based on the data, it can be concluded that there were more unemployed and/or underemployed nurses during the year 2001 to 2007. Furthermore, there were also unemployment and underemployment as a result of the retrogression of the United Sates visa and the change of policy in the United Kingdom in the year 2006. Governor Leah Primitiva Samaco-Paquiz, the PNA National Capital Region Zone II National President,  explained in an interview that â€Å"in the US alone, the quota for visas has been filled up resulting in delayed processing of visas with current efforts focused on 2006 accepted applicants, while the domestic market is now oversaturated with nursing pools in major hospitals as high as 1500 and with employment waiting times ranging from six to 12 months. † Nursing pools refers to those who were considered by the hospital employers but waiting to be officially employed. She also stated that the current nursing employment market is a buyer’s market that allows current employers to be highly selective and where the quality of a vast number of job seekers is very closely scrutinized. In the recent report of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) last July 2010, they updated that there were 187,000 unemployed nurses in the country today. According to them, nurses cannot find jobs because there are no vacancies in the hospitals. Lack of experiences also prevents them in seeking for jobs especially when they planned to go abroad. As a result, Filipino nurses ended up as underemployed, and even grab jobs with low salary. For the PRC, this is a waste of manpower if the government still allows nurses to be working abroad as caregivers and nursing assistants. Many students still want to earn a degree in nursing despite the fact that there is an evident high unemployment and underemployment rate in the country. Even nursing schools are increasing in number, without taking appropriate measures to ensure the right quality of education for the students. The following factors, therefore, are necessary in order to alleviate the overproduction of nurses. The government plays a big role in alleviating the number of nurses produced every year, thus helping our economy to improve and progress. It has a vital part in providing available jobs for future professionals. And when it comes to overproduction of nurses, the Philippine government is necessary to control the existing problem. The government should know and investigate on each of the nursing schools in the Philippines if they are to produce competent nursing professionals, made visible by passing the NLE (Nursing Licensure Examinations). If the school is not capable of doing so, it would be better if they advise it to close. As of now, it was reported that the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) would be closing 177 nursing schools in the country. (Nieva, 2008). It would also be better if the government would impose additional subjects in the nursing curriculum and increase practicum hours for nursing students. The government agency made this move to ensure the quality of Filipino nurses making them more competitive to the global arena. And most importantly, the government should allot more funds for health services, to accommodate nurses (Alave, 2008). Not only should the growing unemployment rate be addressed but also the salary rate as well. Nurses are professionals but they cannot work unless they volunteer or pay a hospital a huge sum of money just to be trained. Then if they even get absorbed, the pay is just pesos away from the minimum limit. Moreover, nurses are not just professionals, they save lives. They should be treated with respect and be properly compensated like every other profession here in the Philippines. Furthermore, the family also affects the decision of students in making choices in life. Lorentzen, 2008) One of the decisions they make is centered on their future career in life. Since family members are the people most often encountered by the students, then it is a big factor to consider. Family, specifically the parents should support and know what their children want to be in the future, and where they extremely do well in order to have a more secured future. Filipinos, nowadays think that taking up Nursin g is an easy and fast access to a better life. And so, parents are forcing their children to take up nursing, finding themselves in the end underemployed, and perhaps, unemployed. Each Family should wake up to the reality that being a nurse is not just a profession; it’s more of a vocation, and compassion in rendering service is a necessity since nurses are handling lives. The Philippines is known to produce more nursing graduates, and have more nursing schools, compared to any other country in the world. From 17 schools during the period 1907 to 1950 that produced 7,286 registered nurses, the country in 1999, had 186 nursing schools (Opiniano, 2002) with the combined capability to produce over 20,000 RNs a year, according to the UP Manila Journal (January-March 2000 issue; Corcega et al). According to this research, a huge difference in number of nursing schools is seen thus producing huge number of nurses per year. As previously mentioned, when Nursing became an in demand profession, people in the business community also saw an opportunity to establish nursing schools due to the increasing number of students who want to earn a degree in nursing. However, not all of these nursing schools provide the quality education needed in nursing. As a result, Nursing graduates from these schools get a lower probability to be employed. While there are many nursing graduates, the success rate of the PRC nursing board exams has significantly decreased for the last 10 years (48% passing rate). In view of this, the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) reiterated the need to focus on quality nursing education instead of commercializing the profession. In relation to the CHED’s order of closing incompetent schools, the remaining school should also implement policies that are stricter in order to screen deserving student nurses, particularly in their training of becoming the future nurses. Nursing schools should set standards for the students to meet for them to be proficient nurses. Career decision making is a dynamic and ongoing process where your knowledge of self, your values, interests, temperament, financial needs, physical work requirements or limitations, etc. , the effects of past experiences, new information, and changes in your life situation and environment all intertwine. Each career decision is limited by what you are capable of now or in the future, by your ability to identify alternatives, and by what you are willing to do. Taking up nursing, and deciding to make it as a future career is a great risk because nurses don’t handle any material things, they are handling lives. Some of the reasons why students choose nursing are: forced by parents, a misconception of sure ticket to United States, and lastly, to follow the trend. Choosing one’s future career is no joke. So, right decision-making should be taken into consideration for a more secured future. People should know one’s strengths and weaknesses to serve as throttlehold for the next chapters in life. The Philippines continually produce more nurses than what the country needs, even more than the country can support. With all the current news regarding the decline in nursing demand and the continued increase of the number of unemployed and underemployed nursing graduates, if this condition is not properly controlled, this rate of unemployment/underemployment would, also, continue to persist. Not only does this count as a waste of time and money but the future of these students and the indirect effect to the country’s economy, isn’t beneficial at all. It would also be considered as a waste of time for students and parents alike who were poorly compensated for their efforts to create a better future for their children. Now the big question is: What will become of these students who are currently affected by the decreased demand for nurses? Along with the currently unemployed, they would probably find themselves competing for high-pay jobs with other numerous unemployed nurses. Tough times are in store for future students after graduation, putting even more strain on the employment sector as it tries diligently to find employment for students. Unless the government pays more attention to this concern and investigate and strictly implement the standards on each of the Nursing schools in the Philippines, only incompetent nurses would be produced, adding up to the growing number of unemployed nurses and graduates who are currently confronted with country’s grim unemployment and underemployment status. References Bateman, J. M. , amp; Spruill, D. A. (1996). Student decision making: Insights from the college choice process. College Student Journal, 30, 182-186. Blanche, Julie. (2010, March 9). 10 reasons a nursing degree is a good bet in education today. Retrieved on September 4, 2010 from http://www. nurses-forum. com/blog/246/10-reasons-a-nursing-degree-is-a-good-bet-in-education-today/ Chrisholm, M. , French B. et al. (2010). Safety concerns of hospital-based new-to-practice registered nurses and their preceptors. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 41 (4), 163-171. Daly, M. , Byers, E. , amp; Taylor, W. (2004). Early years management in practice: A Handbook for early years managers. (pp. 69-70). Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. Danna, D. , Jones, J. , Schaubhut, R. (2010). From practice to How to cite A Library Paper on the Effects of Excessive Production of Nurses, Papers

Interpreter of maladies guide free essay sample

‘Interpreter of Maladies’ pages 43-69 Summary of the story Mr. and Mrs. Das are arguing at the first rest stop about whose turn it is to take their daughter to the toilet. Mr. Das complains he bathed her the night before. Mrs. Das gets out of Mr. Kapasis car to take Tina. It is a Saturday in mid-July. Mr. Kapasi is driving the Das family from their hotel to the Sun Temple at Konarak. He is assigned to pick up foreign tourists because he speaks English. The Dass also have two boys, Ronny and Bobby. The parents are under thirty and look Indian but dress like foreigners. Mr. Das squeezes Mr. Kapasis hand greeting him like an American. Mr. Das holds a tour book titled INDIA and wears shorts, T-shirt, sneakers and camera around his neck. Ronny exits the car to see a goat. Bobby stays in the car. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpreter of maladies guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr. Das tells him to watch his brother but Bobby says he doesnt feel like it. Mr. Kapasi tells Mr. Das the goats are tame. Mr. Kapasi asks if he left India as a child. Mr. Das explains he and Mrs. Das were born and raised in America but are visiting their parents who retired in India. Tina returns. Mr. Das indicates this is her first trip to India and asks her where Mina is. Mr. Kapasi finds it strange Mr. Das asks his daughter about her mother using her first name. Tina points to her mother buying something from a shirtless man at the stall. As she walks away, the man sings part of a Hindi love song that Mrs. Das seems not to understand. Mr. Kapasi notices her short skirt and tight-fitting blouse like a mans undershirt. Mr. Das answers Mr. Kapasi they live in New Brunswick, New Jersey and he teaches science in middle school. Mr. Das compares his student trips to a New York Museum with Mr. Kapasis work as a tour guide. Mrs. Das returns and asks how long the trip is. Mr. Kapasi answers two and one half hours. Mr. Das responds the tour book says eighteen miles. Mr. Kapasi says its actually fifty-two miles and roads are poor. Mr. Kapasi checks the door locks before starting the car and leaving the tea stall. As they drive down the road, Ronny yells monkeys to what Bobby points at. Mr. Kapasi indicates they are common in the area as they jump into the road and on the car. They have only seen monkeys in a zoo. Mr. Das asks to stop so he can take pictures. Mrs. Das does her nails and tells Tina to leave her alone. The boys are confused by drivers on the opposite side than in America. Mr. Kapasi says he knows from watching ‘Dallas’. He thinks to himself the Das family act like brothers and sisters. The parents act just like an older brother and sister. Mrs. Das complains the car is not air-conditioned. She asks if Mr. Das saves fifty cents because of that. He tells her to quit complaining and its not so hot. Mr. Das asks Mr. Kapasi if his job is tiresome. He tells him to stop so he can take another picture. Mrs. Das looks away at the sky. Mr. Kapasi looks forward to guiding tours, and the Sun Temple is a favorite destination. He guides tours only on Friday and Saturday, and has a job in a doctors office the other days. Mr. Das asks if hes a doctor. Mr. Kapasi explains he interprets for a doctor who does not speak Gujarati. Mr. Das says thats interesting. Mrs. Das says its romantic. She puts her sunglasses atop her head. Her eyes meet Mr. Kapasis in a drowsy gaze through the rearview mirror. Mr. Das turns to her to ask whats romantic. She tells him she doesnt know. Then she asks Mr. Kapasi if he wants some gum and to tell them more about his job. He asks what she wants to know. She says a typical situation. So she can picture what happens she tilts her head and closes her eyes. Mr. Kapasi tells them of one. She says its neat, patients depend on him, he has a big responsibility and Mr. Das agrees. Mina explains that patients are more dependent on Mr. Kapasi than the doctor since neither understands the other without him. Mr. Kapasi reflects on what they say and how he never thinks of it that way. He thinks interpreting patient maladies is a failure to be the interpreter for diplomats and scholar of foreign languages he wanted. He remembers few foreign phrases anymore and his children know better English. He met the doctor when his son was sick and had to barter language skills for the medical treatment his son needed. The son died but he continues on with the doctor to pay their bills. This reminds his wife of their son. She never asks about his job. Mrs. Dass interest in it flatters him. Mr. Kapasi reflects on how his marriage and the Das couple seem similar. They both seem unhappily married to each other and have children to raise. He wonders if theyre a bad match also. He is exhilarated by her comment about his romantic job. He is happy to wear his good suit that morning and checks his reflection in the mirror while driving. He glances back at Mrs. Das and tells her more patient stories. The children look for monkeys, Mr. Das reads his tour book and Mr. Kapasi feels like hes talking alone with Mrs. Das. When they stop for lunch, Mrs. Das calls Mr. Kapasi to sit with them. When they finish Mr. Das tells Mr. Kapasi to move near Mrs. Das so he can take a picture. She asks for his address to send pictures. He writes it down and dreams about writing to her. The Das tour group arrives at the temple. Mr. Kapasi tells them its history and leads the family on a walking tour of the grounds. Mr. Das follows taking pictures. They pass by friezes of naked couples entwined in making love, elephant processions and topless female musicians. Mr. Kapasi sees Mrs. Das stare silently at the figures. He admires the back of her legs and points out features of Surya as he dreams of embracing her. He asks when they will return home. She says ten days. He hopes to hear from her in six weeks. The group starts back to the hotel. Mr. Kapasi thinks about ways he can make the tour last longer. He mentions a side trip to another site on the left and the children agree. Mr. Kapasi fantasizes what he will say to Mrs. Das and that he might take her hand. When they arrive she says her legs are tired and wont get out of the car. Mr. Das and children start up the hill. When Mr. Kapasi says he will join them to explain the caves Mrs. Das asks him to stay and gets into the front seat with him. Mina watches Raj and her children hike up the hill and confides in Mr. Kapasi. She says Bobby is not Rajs son. She explains they were young when they married and still in college. They had Ronny and she stayed at home to take care of the baby so she sees few friends. Raj didnt mind because he enjoys coming home to play with the baby. He invites a friend of his to stay with them. She makes love to him and conceives Bobby the afternoon he leaves. Mr. Kapasi refers to her as Mrs. Das, but she says he should not call her Mrs. She is twenty-eight and he probably has children her age. He is crestfallen that she thinks he is as old as her parents. She tells him her secret because of his talent. She has not told anyone for eight years. Raj doesnt even suspect her secret. She is in pain and hopes Mr. Kapasi knows what to say to relieve her so she feels better. Minas secret depresses Mr. Kapasi. He asks her if its pain or guilt that she feels. She glares at him to say something insulting then gets out of the car to walk up the hill. As she walks eating handfuls of puffed rice, bits fall on the ground. The bits attract monkeys that pursue her up the hill. Mr. Kapasi follows so as not to alarm her by calling out. Mrs. Das calls out to Mr. Das to wait for her. Mr. Kapasi chases off the monkeys as he catches up with the Das family. Mr. Das asks where Bobby is. Mrs. Das asks whats wrong with all of them. They call for him but do not hear his screams. He is surrounded by monkeys pulling at him. One is hitting him with a stick. Mr. Kapasi chases them away and picks up Bobby. He takes him stunned and frightened to his parents. They decide to go back to the hotel. Mrs. Das pulls out her brush to fix Bobbys hair. When she pulls it from her purse the slip of paper with Mr. Kapasis address flies out and flutters away on the breeze into the trees with the monkeys. Narrative Perspective  · Third person but provides perspective of Mr Kapasi  · Mix of narrative and dialogue Characters: Mr. Das (Raj)  · Around 30 years of age  · Tanned  · Shrill immature voice, clean-shaven.  · Sapphire blue visor, shorts, sneakers, t-shirt  · Dresses and acts like typical American tourist  · Expensive, complicated camera slung around neck  · Live in New Brunswick, New Jersey  · A science teacher: compares his student excursions to Mr. Kapasi’s job as tour guide: â€Å"In a way we have a lot in common, you could say, you and I. † p. 46  · Thinks Mr. Kapasi’s job tiresome  · Stops car to take photo of poor man  · Takes photos at lunch stop  · Reads his tour book in car  · Supplements Mr. Kapasi’s description of the Sun Temple from his book  · Tells his wife off for wearing stupid shoes.  · Worried she won’t be in pictures at the hills. Thinks they could use on for their Christmas cards. Wants a picture of the five of them.  · Happy to come home from work in evenings, a contrast to his wife  · His camera triggers off monkeys Mrs. Das (Mina)  · 28 years old, similar age to husband  · Tanned  · No initial interest in Mr. Kapasi  · Doesn’t realize men at tea stall sing at her: doesn’t understand Hindi  · Wears red and white checkered skirt above knee, slip on shoes, close fitting blouse with strawberry shaped applique.  · Short, small hands, painted fingernails and lips, slightly plump, short hair,  · Wears large brown sunglasses, carries big straw bag  · Buys puffed rice: doesn’t offer to anyone else in car  · Impatient  · Has Bombay film magazine written in English  · Paints her nails whilst children watch monkeys  · Complains that car not air-conditioned: blames her husband  · Looks the other way when her husband photographs the man by road  · First sign on interest is when she hears Mr. Kapasi works as an interpreter. Takes off her sunglasses for the first time.  · Offers gum to Mr. Kapasi  · Vanity: brushes hair, does nails, concerned about appearance  · Invites Mr. Kapasi to eat lunch with them  · Smells of scent – a mixture of whiskey and rosewater  · Wants Mr. Kapasi’s address to send copies of pictures  · Drops the slip of paper with his address into the ‘jumble of her bag’  · Likes the carvings at the temple. Stares silently at the carved lovers  · Refuses to get out of car at the hills. Says her legs are tired.  · Tells Mr. Kapasi to stay. She shifts to front seat beside him  · Revelation that Bobby is not Raj’s son  · Doesn’t cope well at home with the children – feels isolated  · Outrage when Raj invites a Punjabi friend to stay  · Reaction when Mr. Kapasi can’t offer advice to her problem  · Question of whether or not she realizes the effect her words and actions have on Mr. Kapasi throughout the tour Mr. Kapasi  · An observer: he watches in his rearview mirror. He notices Mrs. Das’s ‘shaved, largely bare legs’  · We never learn his first name  · Speaks English so generally assigned as driver to foreign tourists  · Aged 46, receding silver hair, ‘butterscotch’ complexion  · Gray trousers and matching jacket-style shirt in synthetic non-crushable material. Made by tailor  · Finds it strange Mr. Das calls his wife by first name when speaking to daughter  · Asks questions about Das’s heritage and where they live  · A tour guide for 5 years  · Notes one boy paler skinned than the other  · Thinks parents more like children themselves  · Thinks their accents like American TV shows  · Sun Temple one of his favourite places: sees it as a ‘reward’  · Works as tour guide on Fridays and Saturdays.  · Has another job as Gujariti interpreter for a doctor  · Answers Mrs. Das’s questions about his job  · Never occurred to him that job is a ‘big responsibility’. He thinks it a thankless occupation  · Devoted scholar of foreign languages in youth  · Owned dictionaries, listed etymologies of words in his notebook  · Now has forgotten all but English  · Son contracted typhoid at 7 years old. Died in mother’s arms  · Job with doctor a barter of skills to pay son’s medical bills  · Financial pressures – education, housing, clothing  · Emotional pressure from wife grieving loss of son  · Wife calls him a ‘doctor’s assistant’. She’s not interested in his job  · Flattered by Mrs. Das’s interest in his job. Reminded of its intellectual challenges  · Finds Mrs. Das’s attention ‘intoxicating’  · Enjoys what seems like a ‘private conversation’ between him and Mrs. Das  · Writes his address carefully on scrap of paper  · Dreams of writing and receiving letters and what each will reveal to each other  · Has never seen his wife naked. Feels strange walking beside Mrs. Das  · Favorite statue is a particular Surya.  · Calculates how long until he receives first letter with photos  · Strategizes to make tour last longer  · Says monkeys are more hungry than dangerous. Tells them not to provoke them with food  · Shocked at Mrs. Das’s revelation about Bobby  · Upset that she thinks of him as a parent and healer  · He can’t comprehend she has told him her story. He thinks ‘interpreting’ only applies to language, not to problems.  · Feels insulted at being asked to interpret her ‘common, trivial little secret’  · Can foresee problem puffed rice will cause with monkeys  · Rescues Bobby and tempted to whisper truth of his birth to him Tina  · Complains 5 minutes into trip  · Wearing purple sundress with big bows  · Carries yellow-haired doll  · Her first trip to India  · Plays with door locks inside car  · Screams in delight at monkeys  · Wants mother’s attention Ronny  · Close in age to brother.  · Has braces: ‘network of flashing silver wires’  · Ignores father at tea stall: goes to the goat and quickly touches it.  · Excitement at seeing monkeys Bobby  · Has braces like his brother  · Picks up stick that monkey snatches. He and monkey pass it back and forwards  · Not Mr. Das’s biological son  · Wanders off and gets surrounded by monkeys  · Monkey hits him repeatedly with stick he’d given it earlier Themes Marital Relationships  · They are arguing in opening line of the story  · Mr. Kapasi has never seen his wife naked, has never admired the backs of her legs  · ‘†¦and enjoy the evening newspaper and a cup of tea that his wife would serve him in silence. ’ 60  · Revelation of Mrs. Das’s affair and birth of Bobby  · They married while still in college. Parents were best friends.  · She is unhappy in her marriage – has kept her feelings secret for eight years  · The effect on her of finally releasing her secret. She suddenly has renewed vigour and interest in family Parenting  · Mrs. Das doesn’t hold Tina’s hand  · Ronny ignores father on p44. So does Bobby p45  · Don’t stop Tina playing with door locks on car  · Mrs. Das tells Tina to leave her alone when applying nail polish p. 48  · Mrs. Das ignores children at temple: ‘†¦walking past her children as if they were strangers. ’ 58  · Seems to spring into maternal role after leaves Mr. Kapasi in a huff.  · Concern when Bobby missing  · Mrs. Das shows affection when Bobby hurt. Wants to fix his hair. Band-Aid. Cultural  · Parents look Indian but dress as ‘foreigners’  · Mr. Das greets differently to Mr. Kapasi: Mr. Kapasi presses palms together whilst Mr. Das squeezed hands  · Guide book published abroad  · Mr. Das proud he and his wife born in America. Their parents have retired to Assansol.  · Boy wonders why driver on wrong side of the car  · Mr. Kapasi knows something of America from ‘Dallas’, the TV show  · Mr. Kapasi not used to a woman showing interest in him. Mrs. Das so different from his wife  · Souvenirs stand at Sun Temple Tourists  · Guidebook on INDIA  · Camera and taking of photos  · Children’s excitement at seeing monkeys  · Ignorance of language and customs  · Mr. Das taking photo of man 49 Food/Smells  · Gum: ‘†¦a thick sweet liquid burst onto his tongue. ’ 50  · Puffed rice  · Lunch stop  · Mrs. Das’s scent Lack of fulfillment in life  · Mr. Kapasi had dreamed of being an interpreter for diplomats and dignitaries and settling disputes of which he alone could understand both sides  · Mrs. Das the first woman who had taken an interest in him  · She doesn’t have many close friends as whole life dominated by Raj and children  · has no-one to confide in  · She has fallen out of love with husband, children and life Dreams  · Mr. Kapasi dreams that letters between them would fulfill his dream of serving as an interpreter between nations.  · Thinks about complimenting Mrs. Das or even holding her hand Communication  · Mr. Kapasi translating Gujarati words into Hindi  · Mr. Kapasi speaks English  · Mrs. Das’s use of the word ‘romantic’ to describe his job  · Story-telling. Mr. Kapasi enjoys telling stories of the various patients for whom he has interpreted. ‘Mrs. Das listened attentively†¦asking more questions, for yet another example. ’ 54  · Thought of receiving letters from Mrs. Das  · Mr. Kapasi dreads possibility of a lost letter  · Mrs. Das’s use of the word ‘neat’. Mr. Kapasi not sure what it means.  · Mrs. Das not close to her parents  · Story of Bobby’s conception  · Mrs. Das feels she hasn’t been able to express her anxieties to anyone – she wants advice  · Use of looks: glares  · Difficulty of communicating pain and problems to other people Language and Style of Story  · Use of colours: ‘mustard oil on her frosty pink lips’  · Detail used to describe monkeys  · Detailed description of carvings at the Sun Temple  · Use of senses: smell, taste, touch, what the eyes see  · Use of motifs such as the slip of paper with address on it Motifs:  · White Ambassador car: lots of references to seats, locks, windows  · Tour book: Mr. Das always reading it. He prefers to draw his facts from the book rather than listen to Mr. Kapasi. Represents arrogance and ignorance of the tourist, especially a tourist of Indian heritage. Gap between America and India.  · Camera: Mr. Das hopes to get a photo of the whole family together but doesn’t succeed. Clicks away on camera rather than simply appreciating what is in front of him. Thinks of family Christmas card. Noise of camera worries monkeys. Link to Mr. Kapasi who dreams of receiving copies of photos.  · Puffed rice: represents self-centeredness of Mrs. Das. She doesn’t offer any to her family, only to Mr. Kapasi when she confides in him. Her carelessness, when puffed rice dropped on track, leads to monkeys attacking Bobby.  · Straw bag: Mrs. Das keeps all sorts of ‘trivial’ items in it. Mr. Kapasi’s address tossed in carelessly and later blows away when she gets brush out.  · Sunglasses: hide her face and emotions. She takes them off for the first time when Mr. Kapasi tells of his job.  · Clothing: family’s American style clothing compared to Mr. Kapasi’s tailored synthetic suit. Focus on the strawberry applique on Mrs. Das’ blouse. Contrast to traditional Indian clothes Mr. Kapasi’s wife wears.  · Monkeys: exciting for children but prove a menace. Mr. Kapasi’s advice that food can make them a threat comes true.  · Carvings at Sun Temple at Konarak: emphasis on ‘erotic’ carvings where couples entwined together – the opposite of Mr. and Mrs. Das, and also Mr. Kapasi and his wife. The carvings of lovers may escalate Mr. Kapasi’s lust for Mrs. Das.  · Dried up river and crumbled interior of the temple: The loss of cultural heritage  · The tour: the events symbolize the ‘misinterpretations’ that occur in the two marriages. Setting:  · India – American/Indian family are staying at Hotel Sandy Villa, near Puri. It is a Saturday in mid-July, ideal weather for sightseeing. Key quotes ‘Mr. and Mrs. Das behaved like an older brother and sister, not parents. ’ 49 â€Å"Doesn’t it get tiresome, Mr. Kapasi, showing people the same thing every day? † 49 â€Å"But so romantic,† Mrs. Das said dreamily, breaking her extended silence. 50 â€Å"I want to picture what happens. † 51 ‘To him it was a thankless occupation. He found nothing noble in interpreting people’s maladies†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 51 ‘The job was a sign of his failings. ’ 52 ‘Mr. Kapasi knew it was not a remarkable talent. ’ 52 ‘†¦and the countless other ways he tried to console his wife and to keep her from crying in her sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 53 ‘Mr. Kapasi knew that his wife had little regard for his career as an interpreter. He knew it reminded her of the son she’d lost†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 53 ‘He wondered if Mr. and Mrs. Das were a bad match, just as he and his wife were. Perhaps they, too, had little in common apart from three children and a decade of their lives. ’ ‘The signs he recognized from his own marriage were there – the bickering, the indifference, the protracted silences. ’ 53 ‘In addition to glancing at her face he glanced at the strawberry between her breasts and the golden brown hollow in her throat. ’ 54 ‘In time she would reveal the disappointment of her marriage, and he his. In this way their friendship would grow, and flourish. ’ 55 ‘In those moments Mr. Kapasi used to believe that all was right with the world, that all struggles were rewarded, that all of life’s mistakes made sense in the end. ’ 56 ‘The promise that he would hear from Mrs. Das now filled him with the same belief. ’ 56 ‘The thought of that silence, something to which he’d long been resigned, now oppressed him. ’ 60 ‘I’ve kept it a secret for eight whole years†¦But now I’ve told you. † 62 â€Å"I beg your pardon, Mrs. Das, but why have you told me this information? † 64 â€Å"I told you because of your talents. † 65 â€Å"Mr. Kapasi, don’t you have anything to say? I thought that was your job. † 65 â€Å"Don’t you realize what it means for me to tell you? † 65 â€Å"Is it really pain you feel, Mrs. Das, or is it guilt? † 66 ‘It crushed him; he knew at that moment that he was not even important enough to be properly insulted. ’ 66 ‘Mr. Kapasi observed it too, knowing that this was the picture of the Das family he would preserve forever in his mind. ’ 69 QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED: What are the key moments in this story? What links can be made with other stories in the collection? How is this story structured? Does it have a clear beginning (opening section), middle (characters, situation and ideas are developed) and end (draws story to a conclusion)? How does the story open? Does it hold the reader’s attention? How? How does it set the tone of the story? Is there suggestion and implication used rather than direct description? Does the story launch straight into the narrative? How has the writer presented the characters? Do they develop/ change? Is there an event/ experience that leads them to personal development? Is there a moment of epiphany? ? How do they relate to each other? Does the story reach a climax? Does it use the anti-climax and leave the ending open to a number of interpretations and questions? How does the story end? ? ? ? â€Å"A Real Durwan† pg. 70-82 Setting â€Å"Boori Ma, sweeper of the stairwell† is the 64 year old durwan of a poor four-storey apartment building in Calcutta, India. She likes to describe the riches and luxuries of a past life. Life is physically hard for her as she lives on the roof of the apartment building or under the letter boxes with her â€Å"life savings†. She is tolerated and drifts â€Å"in and out of the various households†. Motifs Food-lemon peels, ginger paste, vegetable peels, the cracker tin, tea, the delicacies of Boori Ma’s past life; â€Å"rice cooked in rosewater†, â€Å"we ate goat twice a week† etc Skeleton keys and life savings-they rattle hidden away under the sari. Reed broom, bucket, rags Sari- â€Å"a cheap white weave with a border the colour of a dirty pond†. Quilt-dirty and old, â€Å"They are clean now. I beat them with my broom† but they turn â€Å"into yoghurt† in the rain. The apartment block The rain- â€Å"It came slapping across the roof like a boy in slippers too big for him and washed Mrs. Dalal’s lemon peels into the gutter. † The two basins-â€Å"In his excitement on his way home through the plumbing district, Mr. Dalal had bought two basins. † Mr. Dalal’s wallet-â€Å"checking his pockets to make sure his wallet was in place. † Newspapers-Boori Ma sleeps on these and uses them to block out the rain. The collapsible gate, â€Å"stood guard between them and the outside world† Summary of the story Boori Ma is introduced to the reader as a poverty stricken and lonely old woman. As she sweeps the old cement stairs of the four-storey building she lives and works in, her stories of a past life filled with riches and prosperity form a focal point of the lives of the residents. Characters relate to each other through Boori Ma’s stories. She forms a sympathetic focal point as her â€Å"litanies† draw the â€Å"whole buildings attention†. Mrs Dalal â€Å"has a soft spot† for Boori Ma and is â€Å"insulted† that the residents do not supply Boori Ma with the necessities of life. Her promises of bedding and a â€Å"sheep’s- hair blanket† from Simla are never realised. A moment of change is signalled with the monsoonal rains. As Mrs Dala’s lemon peels are swept into the gutter so are the old ways and lives of the residents. Mr Dalal’s changing fortunes are the catalyst for this change. The arrival and installation of the two basins change he outlook and desires of the residents forever. The wives of the residents, form a â€Å"collective surmise† and seem to understand Boori Ma’s need to express her pain. Their sympathetic appreciation and tolerance, deteriorates when the sink is stolen. The climax of the story is when Mr Dalal installs the communal basin. Another climax is when Boori Ma’s â€Å"life savings and skeleton keys† are stolen in the market. This is a fore-shadowing of the robbery of the sink. Is this a story about the destitution of a woman or a whole people? Narrative Perspective  · Third person but provides perspective of Boori Ma  · Mix of narrative and dialogue Characters Boori Ma-the 64 year old durwan of a â€Å"very old building† who sweeps the cement stairs of this â€Å"particular flat building†. â€Å"In fact, the only thing that appeared three-dimensional about Boori Ma was her voice: brittle with sorrows, as tart a s curds, and shrill enough to grate meat from a coconut. † â€Å"She was sixty four years old, with hair in a knot no larger than a walnut, and she looked almost as narrow from the front as she did from the side. † â€Å"So she garbled facts. She contradicted herself. She embellished almost everything. But her rants were so persuasive, her fretting were so persuasive, her fretting so vivid, that it was not so easy to dismiss her. † â€Å"On certain afternoons Boori Ma visited her fellow residents. † â€Å"She picked up her broom-she never felt quite herself without it-†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mr and Mrs Dalal-of the â€Å"third floor† experience changing fortune when Mr Dalal is promoted. â€Å"Mrs Dalal had a soft spot for Boori Ma; occasionally she gave the old woman some ginger paste with which to flavour her stews. † â€Å"’I cannot dream them’, Mrs. Dalal echoed. She lowered her diaphanous eyelids and sighed. ‘I cannot dream them, Boori Ma. I live in two broken rooms, married to a man who sells toilet parts. ’ â€Å" ‘†Who ever heard of it? I still cook on kerosene. You refuse to apply for a phone. And I have yet to see the fridge you promised when we married. You expect two basins to make up for all that? ’† Mr Chatterjee-his â€Å"opinions were always highly esteemed† despite his lack of physical or mental movement or pursuit. The â€Å"collective† residents of the building who tolerate and appreciate Boori Ma , â€Å"they never drew the latch bars across their doors†, until the sink is stolen. They gather together to â€Å" admire the day’s labours† but then separate into petty jealousies and material competitiveness. â€Å" No one in this particular flat-building owned much worth stealing. The second-floor widow, Mrs. Misra, was the only one with a telephone. Still, the residents were thankful that Boori Ma patrolled activities in the alley; screened the itinerant peddlars who came to sell combs and shawls from door to door†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"In short, over the years, Boori Ma’s services came to resemble those of a real durwan†¦she honoured the responsibility, and maintained a vigil no less punctilious than if she were the gatekeeper of a house on Lower Circular Road, or Jodhpur Park, or any other fancy neighbourhood. † The building itself-an old four-storey apartment block that is transformed by a coat of yellow paint. â€Å"It was a very old building, the kind with bathwater that still had to be stored in drums, windows without glass and privy scaffolds made of bricks. † Themes Poverty and repression The old versus the new Prosperity and newly acquired wealth Fulfillment Belonging Alienation and loneliness Power Possessions Key quotes â€Å"Most of all, the residents liked that Boori Ma, who slept each night behind the collapsible gate, stood guard between them and the outside world. † (p. 73) â€Å"In short, over the years, Boori Ma’s services came to resemble those of a real durwan. † (p. 73) â€Å"She spent the night on a bed of newspapers. † (p. 78) â€Å"Mr. Dalal, meanwhile, was thinking: A sink on the stairwell is sure to impress visitors. † (p. 78) â€Å"To occupy the time, Boori Ma retired to the rooftop. She shuffled along the parapets, but her hips were sore from sleeping on newspapers. After consulting the horizon on all four sides, she tore what was left of her quilts into several strips and resolved to polish the banister poles at a later time. † (p. 78) â€Å"’A sure sign of changing times,’ Mr. Chatterjee reputedly admitted from his balcony. † (p. 79) â€Å"’Boori Ma, I haven’t forgotten. We will bring you back a sheep’s-hair blanket made in the mountains,’ Mrs. Dalal said through the open window of the taxi. † (p. 79) â€Å"Of all the people who lived in that particular flat-building, Boori Ma was the only one who stood by the collapsible gate and wished them a safe journey. † (p. 80) â€Å"As soon as the Dalals were gone, the other wives began planning renovations of their own. † (p. 80) â€Å"Workers began to occupy this particular flat-building night and day. † (p. 80) â€Å"After a few days Boori Ma moved her baskets and her cooking bucket to the rooftop as well. † (p. 80) â€Å"Her mornings were long, her afternoons longer. She could not remember her last glass of tea. † (p. 80) â€Å"She grew restless on the roof, and so for some exercise, Boori Ma started circling the neighbourhood in the afternoons. Reed broom in hand, sari smeared with newsprint ink, she wandered through markets and began spending her life savings on small treats†¦One day .. she felt something tugging the free end of her sari. When she looked, the rest of her life savings and her skeleton keys were gone. † (p. 81) â€Å"In their haste the residents practically carried Boori Ma up the stairs on the roof, where they planted her on one side of the clothesline and started screaming at her from the other. † (p. 81) â€Å"’For years we have put up with your lies,’ they retorted. ‘You expect us, now, to believe you? ’† (p. 82) â€Å"’Boori Ma’s mouth is full of ashes. But that is nothing new. What is new is the face of this building. What a building like this needs is a real durwan. ’† (p. 82) â€Å"From the pile of belongings Boori Ma kept only her broom. ’ Believe me, believe me,’ she said once more as her figure began to recede. She shook the free end of her sari, but nothing rattled. † (p. 82) ‘Sexy’ – pp. 83-110 Setting: Boston, Massachusetts. A New England maritime city, one of the oldest in America and with several distinguished universities. It was founded by Puritans in 1630. Socially progressive (abolitionist movement etc),it has been enriched first by Irish Catholic immigrants, then Italians, Russian and Polish Jews and other immigrant groups. As a university town, it still draws its population from around the world. Also known as â€Å"the cradle of liberty† (due to its role in the American Revolution), â€Å"the cradle of Modern America†, â€Å"the Hub of the Universe†. White Americans make up 56% of the population, Black Americans around 25%, 1/5 of these being non-Hispanic. Asian Americans make up around 10%. Note how hard it is to follow a definition of a community on racial lines- boundaries begin to dissolve. WHAT DOES DEFINE A COMMUNITY? A CULTURE? Miranda and/ or Dev visit Davis Square, Symphony Hall, MFA (Museum of Fine Art),and especially the Mapparium (where the lovers feel â€Å"as if they were standing in the center of the world†p 90) at the Christian Science centre, and Filene’s strange basement and maze-like cosmetics/ make-up dept, restaurants, the airport, Commonwealth Avenue (takes Dev home to his wife: irony here? ) (84) and other Boston places. Also, consider the significance of an apartment, cubicle, neighbour’s house, restaurants. Also, note how the setting extends through discussions about the past and about t

Hiroshima and Nagasaki essays

Hiroshima and Nagasaki essays This report is to discuss the dropping of the nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II. Many people believe that this was the only way to get Emperor Hirohito of Japan to surrender to the United States. Some believe that there were other reasons for dropping the bombs. A couple of those reasons were for revenge on Pearl Harbor and to show the world that we had the power to destroy any country that wanted to intrude on the United States. One of the main reasons though, was to save hundreds of thousands of Americans lives and to possibly save lives of many Japanese. Some veterans of the war were asked about the issue, they quoted I thank God that those atomic bombs were dropped. I wouldnt be here if they hadnt. The dropping of the bombs saved the lives of all of us being held in Japan. There isnt one prisoner who wasnt told they were dead if the Americans invaded Japan. We were looking forward to an invasion, but we knew we might not be around to see it. No one should think that war is humanitarian, that you just shoot the enemy in the legs. I feel sorry for the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who suffered when the atomic bombs were dropped, but can look at all the atrocities the Japanese committed and know these bombs were appropriate means to wage war. We felt little pity or concern for the Japanese then, and we thought the bomb was a wonderful thing to bring the war to an end. I would have been glad to drop the bombs myself. These opinions of many people in the war go to show the attitudes of the soldiers at the time of the war. You cannot change the past and the United States did what they had to do to win the war. For more than four years the Americans sacrificed their lives to the war and they killed thousands of Japanese, but they were not about to give in. The Japanese were not going to gi ...